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· Sequential process involved in growth: cell division → cell enlargement → cell differentiation. · Maximum cell elongation occurs in the zone behind the root/shoot. · Growth is Quantitive change. · But, development is Qualitative + Quantitive. · Growth is primarily affected by two climatic factors, which are light and temperature. · During the growth there is an increase in dry weight, permanent change in size, volume, number of cells. · Growth curve → S-shaped   sigmoid curve. · Growth is measured by Auxanometer, Horizontal microscope, Crescograph. · The classical experiment in growth were performed by Boysen-Jensen and Darwin. · Phases of Growth: 4 phases i) Lag phase:  Initial phase, slow cell division. ii) Log phase(exponential): Maximum growth, fast cell division. iii) Deaccelerating phase: Decrease in growth rate. iv) Station...

·  Respiration is the process of breaking down complex organic compounds into simpler forms with the release of energy. · Catabolic (Destructive) and energy-releasing process. · Decrease in dry weight. · It is the cellular oxidation process to releases energy. · Respiratory substrates are carbohydrates, fats, proteins etc. · Carbohydrate is a respiratory substrate for floating respiration. · Fat/lipids – Respiratory substrate for accessory respiration · Protein – Respiratory substrate for protoplasmic respiration.   Respiratory Quotient= `\frac{Volume \ of \ CO2 \ RELEASED}{Volume \ of \ O2 \ CONSUMED}` ·  Respiratory Quotient (RQ) for Carbohydrate = 1 (Unity) Fats/proteins = < 1 (less than unity) Organic acid = > 1 Anaerobic respiration = ∞ (infinity) · ATP – Universal energy currency or carrier of the cell where energy is stored in terminal phosphate bond. I. Aerobic Respiration ·  In Aerobic respiration, there is complete oxidation of glucose u...

· Photosynthesis is the synthesis of carbohydrates by green plants in presence of light using CO 2 and H 2 O. · Anabolic (Constructive process or Increase in dry weight) · Oxidation of H 2 O into O 2 . · Source of 'H' in Glucose is H 2 O · Source of oxygen in Glucose is CO 2 . · Reduction of CO 2 into glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ). · Volume of CO 2 utilized is equal to the volume of Oxygen released. · By the process of photosynthesis solar energy (ultimate source of energy for all living beings) is trapped by autotrophic organisms and stored in the form of chemical energy. · Only 0.2% of the light falling on the earth is utilized by photosynthesis organisms. Photosynthetic Pigments 1. Chlorophyll- Chl.a, Chl.b, Chl.c etc. 2. Carotenoids      (a) Carotene- Orange coloured      (b) Xanthophylls- Yellow coloured 3. Phycobilins      (a) Phycoerythrin - red pigment      (b) Phycocyanin- blue pigment. · Primary photosynthetic p...

Introduction to Biotechnology · Biotechnology is concerned with the application of living cells or their components for the benefit of humans. · Biotechnology is the utilization of biological knowledge for the production of material useful to society. · Biotechnology is an important tool used for the production of food crops, livestock management, human health care, chemical industries and environmental management. · Term ‘biotechnology’ was coined by Karl Ereky. · Old biotechnology was based on the natural capabilities of microorganisms. · Modern biotechnology is concerned with microbiology, biochemistry, tissue culture chemical engineering and genetic engineering molecular biology and immunology. · The US National science foundation had defined “The controlled use of biological agents such as micro-organism or cellular components for beneficial use.” · Alcohol fermentation is a common traditional practice of biotechno...