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·   A disease is a physical, mental and physiological disorder of the body. ·  Diseases that have a significant impact on society are called socially significant diseases. For example, drug abuse, smoking, alcoholism. ·   Generally, most diseases have social impacts in one or another way. ·   But in the case of socially significant diseases, society has to pay a significant cost. These diseases not only ruin the health of an individual but also have adverse effects on the family and society. ·   The impact on the family and society are altered relatively and the chance of crime or accident increases. ·   Surveys and statistics have shown that the use of drugs, alcohol and tobacco is rising especially among the youths. ·   World Health Day: 7th April ·   World Mental Health Day: 10th October Drug Abuse ·  Drugs are organic or inorganic substances that alter the physiological state of an individual. They are used in medicine for the treatm...

·  Hepatitis is a communicable viral disease characterized by infection and inflammation of the liver. ·  It is caused by viruses, toxic substances (drugs) and circulatory disturbances. ·  There are many well-known heterogenous hepatitis viruses that cause viral hepatitis. ·  In addition to type A and B viral hepatitis, type C, D, E, and G have also been reported as communicable viral diseases. ·  The types are distinguished serologically i.e. by the antibodies produced to combat the infections. Hepatitis ‘A’ (Infectious Hepatitis) ·  It is endemic in developing countries. ·  It is usually not fatal but in rare cases, its fatal rate is 0.1%. ·  It is benign. Causative agent:  Hepatitis ’A’ virus: ·  It is a small unenveloped symmetrical RNA virus that measures approximately 27 nm. ·  Due to its very small size, the virus can easily transfer through the normal water filtration system. ·  The virus invades liver cells and is ex...

·  It is a serious oriental disease of man. It is called visceral leishmaniasis as parasites are migrated inside the internal organs such as the liver and spleen. ·  The word kala-azar has been derived from two Indian words Kala and Azar, meaning “ black sickness” , an illness in which the colour (pigmentation) of the skin turns black. ·  The word Kala also means “deadly”, thereby signifying a fatal illness. Occurrence: ·  It occurs in Nepal, India, China, Mediterranean countries, parts of Africa and South America, Southern Europe, Russia . ·  In Nepal, it is mostly reported from Saptary and Siraha districts. Causative organism (Pathogen): ·  Pathogenic, protozoan flagellate, endoparasite, Leishmania donovani which is transmitted by the bite of blood-sucking female Sandflies called Phlebotomus argentipes . ·  Leishmania is an intracellular digenetic parasite of the  reticuloendothelial system i.e. liver, spleen, bone marrow (WBCs) and lymph n...

INTRODUCTION ·  Serious non-communicable disease characterized by abnormal and uncontrolled growth of organs due to rapid multiplication of cells in which controlling and regulating mechanisms have been lost. · These cells also lose their attachment to other cells and move apart around irregularly more or less like the legs emerging out from the main body of the crab so it is called cancer. ·  The uncontrolled growth of cells of cancerous tissue is called neoplasm. ·  Tumour is an abnormal swelling, lump or mass in the body. ·  The study of tumour or cancer:  Oncology · Carcinology is the study of Crustaceans (Arthropods), not of cancer. ·  The medical professional who practices oncology:  Oncologist ·  Breast, gastric, prostate and uterine cancers are the most common cancers in Nepal. ·  Tumour: Group of undifferentiated cells which grow and disorganize the tissues in which it occurs. · It is of two types: Benign and Malignant tumour. ...

Introduction ·  German bacteriologist Robert Koch discovered Tubercle bacilli ( Mycobacterium tuberculosis ) in 1882 AD and proved it as the cause of TB. ·  So, tuberculosis is also called Koch’s disease. ·  World TB day is observed on 24th March. ·  Tuberculosis is the most common opportunistic infection in HIV patients. ·  Extrapulmonary TB  occurs in  the Gastrointestinal tract, intestine, bone, skin, kidney, lymph glands (but not in hair and nail). Themes by Year 2000: Forging new partnerships to stop TB 2001: DOTS: TB cure for all 2002: Stop TB, fight poverty. 2003: DOTS cured me – it will cure you! 2004: Every breath counts- Stop TB now! 2005: Frontline TB care providers: Heroes in the fight against TB 2006: Actions for life- Towards a world free of TB 2007: TB anywhere is TB everywhere 2008: I am stopping TB 2009: I am stopping TB 2010: On the move against TB: Innovate towards action 2011: On the move agains...