Help For Entrance

Classification Kingdom: Protista  Phylum: Protozoa   Subphylum: Ciliophora    Class: Ciliata     Genus : Paramecium      Species: caudatum · The term Paramecium was coined by John Hill (1752 AD). · Body is slipper-like so-called slipper animalcule. A. Habitat · Found in freshwater where there are decaying vegetables and animal remains. · They are infusorians, a ciliated protozoan. B. Habit · Locomotion by cilia. · Holozoic nutrition · Respiration through the general body surface. · Excretion partly by general body surface and partly by contractile vacuoles, ammonotelic. · Osmoregulation is controlled by contractile vacuoles only. · Reproduction asexual as well as sexual, asexual reproduction by binary fission, sexual reproduction by conjugation. C. Structure · Shape somewhat like the sole of a slipper so-called slipper animalcule. · Streamlin...

Classification Phylum: Protozoa  Class: Sporozoa   Genus:  P lasmodium    Species: vivax History of Plasmodium · Plasmodium is a protozoan parasite that is the causative agent of malaria in man. · Plasmodium was discovered by Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran in 1880 AD in the Red Blood Corpuscles of the man suffering from malaria. · Ronald Ross discovered the oocyte stage of malarial parasite in the tissue of female Anopheles mosquito. · Giovanni Grassi and Amigo Bignami described the life cycle of parasites in female Anopheles mosquitoes. · H.C. Schott and P.C. Garnham discovered the exo-erythrocytic cycle of Plasmodium. · Endoparasite, found in the blood of man. · Intracellular in RBCs and parenchymal cells of the liver. · Also found in the alimentary canal and salivary glands of female Anopheles mosquito. · There are 4 main species of Plasmodium. They are:  P. vivax, P. falciparum, P. malari...

· Amoeba proteus is the most common species of Amoeba. · Amoeba proteus (Gr. Amoeba - change; proteus = mythical sea god who could change shape) is regarded as one of the lowest forms of life. It is versatile in comparison to other organisms. It lives in freshwater, moist soil, or the sea. · Amoeba proteus: Freshwater Amoeba · Amoeba verrucosa : Freshwater Amoeba · Amoeba limax: Marine water Amoeba · Amoeba terrestis : Muddy water Amoeba General morphology · Microscopic; unicellular, acellular or non-cellular and without fixed body shape (irregular). i.e. Amoeba has no skeleton. · The outermost covering of the body is the plasma membrane called plasmalemma. It is very thin and selectively permeable. · Plasmalemma is excretory (ammonia diffuses out through it), respiratory (diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs through it), and protective in nature. · Inside plasmalemma, there is a dense mass of ...

Introduction · Leishmania is a pathogenic protozoan endoparasite of the human being, causative organism of a dreadful disease called ‘Visceral leishmaniasis’ or ‘Kala-azar’ accompanied by swelling, fever, enlargement of liver and spleen, anaemia, and the skin color turning black. · The vector is the female sandfly,  Phlebotomus argentipes. SYSTEMATIC POSITION Phylum: Protozoa  Sub-phylum: Sarcomastigophora   Super-class: Mastigophora    Class: Zoomastigophorea     Order: Kinetoplastida      Genus: Leishmania        Species: donovani Historical background The genus Leishmania was created by Ross (1903 AD). The species Leishmania donovani was reported simultaneously by Leishman from London (May 1903 AD) and Donovan from Madras (July 1903 AD); hence the name Leishmania donovani. Geographical distribution Leishmania donovani infects man in many places in India, China, Africa, Southern Europe, South...

Protozoans were first viewed under a microscope by Leeuwenhoek, who described them as animalcules. "Protozoa" literally mean the first primitive animalcules. (Protos – first, zoon – animal). The term protozoa were first coined by Goldfuss . They are unicellular. According to Whittaker's five kingdom classification, protozoans are separated from animal phyla and included in the kingdom Protista . Protozoology deals with the study of protozoa. VVI Examples to remember of Phylum Protozoa for Entrance Exams of Nepal: Amoeba Entamoeba Leishmania donovani Leishmania tropica Trypanosoma gambiens Trypanosoma cruzi Giardia lambia (Grand old man of Intestine) Trichonympha Paramecium Plasomodium Monocystic Euglena Characteristics of Phylum Protozoa · They are simple, primitive, and microscopic animalcules. · They are unicellular or acellular eukaryotes , with one or more nuclei which may be monomorphic or dimorphic. · They may be solitary or colonial and unicellular body performs ...