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·  Respiration is the process of breaking down complex organic compounds into simpler forms with the release of energy. · Catabolic (Destructive) and energy-releasing process. · Decrease in dry weight. · It is the cellular oxidation process to releases energy. · Respiratory substrates are carbohydrates, fats, proteins etc. · Carbohydrate is a respiratory substrate for floating respiration. · Fat/lipids – Respiratory substrate for accessory respiration · Protein – Respiratory substrate for protoplasmic respiration.   Respiratory Quotient= `\frac{Volume \ of \ CO2 \ RELEASED}{Volume \ of \ O2 \ CONSUMED}` ·  Respiratory Quotient (RQ) for Carbohydrate = 1 (Unity) Fats/proteins = < 1 (less than unity) Organic acid = > 1 Anaerobic respiration = ∞ (infinity) · ATP – Universal energy currency or carrier of the cell where energy is stored in terminal phosphate bond. I. Aerobic Respiration ·  In Aerobic respiration, there is complete oxidation of glucose u...

· Photosynthesis is the synthesis of carbohydrates by green plants in presence of light using CO 2 and H 2 O. · Anabolic (Constructive process or Increase in dry weight) · Oxidation of H 2 O into O 2 . · Source of 'H' in Glucose is H 2 O · Source of oxygen in Glucose is CO 2 . · Reduction of CO 2 into glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ). · Volume of CO 2 utilized is equal to the volume of Oxygen released. · By the process of photosynthesis solar energy (ultimate source of energy for all living beings) is trapped by autotrophic organisms and stored in the form of chemical energy. · Only 0.2% of the light falling on the earth is utilized by photosynthesis organisms. Photosynthetic Pigments 1. Chlorophyll- Chl.a, Chl.b, Chl.c etc. 2. Carotenoids      (a) Carotene- Orange coloured      (b) Xanthophylls- Yellow coloured 3. Phycobilins      (a) Phycoerythrin - red pigment      (b) Phycocyanin- blue pigment. · Primary photosynthetic p...

· Study of functional aspects of plant life · Father of plant physiology is  Stephens Hales · Plant physiology is the science that deals with the functioning of cells, tissue, organ or the plant as a whole. Includes: Physical, Physiochemical and Special processes. ·  Physical: Diffusion, osmosis, plasmolysis, Imbibition, Absorption, Ascent of sap, Transpiration, Guttation. ·  Physiochemical: Respiration, photosynthesis, photorespiration. Instrument Measurement Auxanometer Growth Osmometer Osmotic pressure or osmosis Potometer Transpiration Porometer Size of stomata Hygrometer Relative humidity Microtome Used for making tissue slides Manometer Root pressure Clinostat demonstrate geotropism Respirometer Respiration Crescograph Growth per second Oxygen bomb calorimeter The energy contained in macrophytes 1. Diffusion (Passive process) · It is a p...